A Functional Approach to Turkish Grammar Meaning, Usage, and Structure

İÇİNDEKİLER SECTION A 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH GRAMMAR 2. TYPES OF GRAMMAR: COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW WITH FOCUS ON TURKISH 2.1. DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR 2.2. PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR 2.3. GENERATIVE GRAMMAR 2.4. MENTAL GRAMMAR 2.5. PEDAGOGICAL GRAMMAR 2.6. PERFORMANCE GRAMMAR 2.7. REFERENCE GRAMMAR 2.8. THEORETICAL GRAMMAR 2.9. TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR 2.10. TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR 2.11. UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR 2.12. FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR SECTION B A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO TURKISH GRAMMAR: MEANING, USAGE, AND STRUCTURE Note on Titles and Organization 1. THE ALPHABET 2. SYLLABLE 3. VOWEL HARMONY 4. WHERE ARE YOU FROM? 5. THE SUBWAY IS CROWDED 6. I AM SICK TODAY 7. I AM NOT A DOCTOR 8. ARE YOU A STUDENT? 9. AREN'T YOU TIRED? 10. HOW IS THE WEATHER TODAY? 11. WHAT IS THIS? WHAT IS THAT? 12. WHAT ARE THESE? WHAT ARE THOSE? 13. THESE CARS ARE BEAUTIFUL 14. THERE IS A NICE MOVIE ON TV 15. THERE IS NOTHING THERE 16. I AM AT HOME 17. THE BABY HAS A PACIFIER 18. HE DOES NOT HAVE MONEY 19. WHO HAS MONEY? 20. WHERE IS THE DOOR? 21. HOW MANY TEACHERS ARE THERE IN THE SCHOOL? 22. HOW MANY (UNITS/PIECES OF ) PETS ARE THERE AT HOME? 23. HOW MANY SECONDS ARE THE COMMERCIALS? 24. HOW MUCH MILK IS THERE AT HOME? 25. COME! 26. COME TO THE HOUSE! 27. LET ME SIT FOR A BIT! 28. SHALL I SIT? 29. LET'S SIT! 30. SHALL WE READ? 31. WHAT TIME IS IT? 32. GET OUT OF THE CAR! 33. BRING THE CAR! 34. WHERE IS MY PENCIL? 35. WHERE ARE MY PENCILS? 36. THE CLASSROOM'S DOOR IS OPEN 37. I AM COMING THERE 38. IT IS TEN PAST TEN 39. MY NOSE IS BLEEDING 40. I WANT TO LIVE IN ANKARA 41. I GO TO THE MOVIES ON WEEKENDS 42. YOU CAN DRINK COFFEE IN THE CLASSROOM 43. I AM ABLE TO WALK HERE 44. I HAVE A HEADACHE; I MUST GO TO THE DOCTOR 45. ISTANBUL IS BIGGER THAN ANKARA 46. WHICH IS THE BEST MOVIE OF THIS YEAR? 47. WHICH STUDENT IS HARD-WORKING? 48. WHICH STUDENT IS MORE HARD-WORKING? 49. WHICH ONE IS HARDWORKING? 50. WHICH ONE IS MORE HARDWORKING? 51. I WILL WATCH THE GAME WITH FRIENDS 52. WHERE IS THIS? 53. I GO TO ANKARA BY TRAIN 54. TELEVISION AND CINEMA ARE VERY IMPORTANT 55. I GO TO SCHOOL AFTER BREAKFAST 56. THIS NEW CELL PHONE IS GREAT! 57. I WAS SICK YESTERDAY 58. I WAS AT HOME YESTERDAY 59. I STARTED SCHOOL TODAY 60. I COULD WALK HERE 61. I LIKE MY COFFEE WITH SUGAR BUT SHE PREFERS WITHOUT IT 62. WILL YOU JOIN US FOR A MOVIE? 63. I WALKED HOME FROM SCHOOL 64. YOU NEED TO GO TO SCHOOL TODAY 65. YOU HAVE TO SIGN THIS DOCUMENT 66. WHAT GRADE ARE YOU IN? 67. ISN'T THIS BOOK YOURS? 68. I BRUSH MY TEETH BEFORE I GO TO SLEEP 69. IT IS COLD AS ICE 70. I SPEAK TURKISH TOO 71. ACCORDING TO AHMET, THIS MOVIE IS NOT GOOD 72. WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS BOOK? 73. BOTH WRITE AND LISTEN 74. IT IS GOOD TO LIVE 75. I STARTED A COURSE TO LEARN TURKISH 76. IT IS VERY COLD THEREFORE/FOR THIS REASON I TAKE A TAXI TO SCHOOL 77. I BOUGHT A NEW BOOKSHELF 78. MY FATHER GAVE MY BROTHER AND ME FIFTY LIRAS EACH 79. MANY STUDENTS ARE WAITING HERE 80. WE ALL WERE HAPPY 81. ONE OF THE COMPUTERS IS BROKEN 82. MY SHOES ARE WORN OUT FROM WALKING 84. ALI HAS BEEN LIVING IN IZMIR SINCE HE WAS BORN 85. A LOT HAVE CHANGED SINCE I SAW YOU LAST 86. YOU'VE BEEN AWAY FOR THREE DAYS 87. HOW LONG HAVE YOU LEARNT TURKISH? 88. THE MOVIE HAS BEEN GOOD 89. YOU HAVE SEEN THE ACCIDENT 90. I HAD TO GO TO THE DOCTOR BECAUSE MY HEAD HURT 91. THE CAT WAS SLEEPING ON THE BED 92. THE SPEAKER WAS ASKED QUESTIONS 93. THE TEACHER WHO WILL GIVE CLASSES HAS NOT COME YET 94. NO ONE KNOWS THE THINGS THAT WILL BE EXPERIENCED TOMORROW 95. I PUT THE THINGS THAT WILL BE SOLD IN A SEPARATE ROOM 96. PUT THINGS THAT WILL BE THROWN AWAY IN THE GARBAGE IN FRONT OF THE DOOR 97. THE FLOWERS THAT BLOOM IN SPRING LOOK SO BEAUTIFUL 98. THOSE WHO UNDERSTAND, STEP FORWARD 99. THE COFFEE THIS MORNING WAS VERY STRONG 100. AFTER I SAW ISTANBUL, I LIKED THIS CITY MORE 101. WHILE MY MOTHER WAS SLEEPING, I WAS EATING 102. I WAS DOING HOMEWORK WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING 103. I WAS VERY HAPPY WHEN I WAS A CHILD 104. LET'S LEAVE BEFORE IT RAINS 105. WE WALKED DESPITE THE RAIN 106. THEY GAIN WEIGHT DESPITE NOT EATING 107. SHE TOOK A DEEP BREATH IN ORDER NOT TO CRY 108. WE ARE ABOUT TO LEAVE 109. I NEED SILENCE SO THAT I CAN STUDY 110. I USED TO RUN A LOT 111. IF YOU HEAT WATER TO 100°C, IT BOILS 112. IF THE TEACHER IS NOT IN THE CLASSROOM, HE'S PROBABLY IN THE LIBRARY 113. IF HE IS NOT TIRED, LET HIM COME WITH US 114. IF YOU CAN'T SEE THIS WELL, YOU SHOULD SEE A DOCTOR 115. IF YOU'RE GOING TO BUY THIS CAR, I'LL GIVE YOU A LITTLE MORE DISCOUNT 116. IF I SAW HIM, I WOULD TELL HIM YOU WERE LOOKING FOR HIM 117. I WISH I COULD REST A LITTLE 118. YOU WORK TOO MUCH. I WISH YOU DIDN'T 119. I WISH I HAD SPOKEN TO HIM EARLIER 120. IF I HAD STUDIED, I WOULD HAVE PASSED 121. IF YOU CALLED HIM YESTERDAY, HE KNOWS THE NEWS NOW 122. IF YOU HAVE SEEN THAT FILM, LET'S TALK ABOUT IT 123. THE STUDENTS LAUGHED TOGETHER FOR A LONG TIME 124. HE WALKED TO SCHOOL BY WALKING ALL THE WAY 125. HE ENTERED SMILING 126. WHEN HE DIDN'T COME HOME AT NIGHT, WE GOT WORRIED 127. AS SOON AS I SAW HIM, I RECOGNIZED HIM 128. I HAD MY TROUSERS IRONED BY THE TAILOR 129. THE MEAL I COOKED TURNED OUT GREAT 130. I FORGOT WHAT I WAS GOING TO SAY 131. I'M WAITING FOR THE MONEY THAT IS GOING TO BE PAID 132. I LOST THE RECEIPT FOR THE SHOPPING I DID 133. I WAS SO HAPPY WHEN I SAW AN OLD FRIEND 134. DESPITE THE PRECAUTIONS, THE DISEASE KEPT SPREADING 135. IT'S BEEN FIVE YEARS SINCE I LAST SAW HIM 136. HE HASN'T CALLED ME SINCE HE LEFT FOR HIS COUNTRY 137. I LOVE FOOTBALL, BUT MY SPOUSE DOESN'T REALLY LIKE IT 138. WE DON'T HAVE MUCH MONEY—SO LET'S SPEND IT MORE CAREFULLY 139. HE'S NOT SWEATING AT ALL— COULD HE HAVE A FEVER 140. HE MADE THE DECISION ABOUT SCHOOL HIMSELF 141. HE KNOWS THAT HIMSELF 142. I COULDN'T PULL MYSELF TOGETHER FOR A LONG TIME AFTER THE ILLNESS 143. HE'S MUMBLING, TALKING TO HIMSELF 144. THE EXPERT SOLVED THE PROBLEM 145. WE USED WASHABLE PAINT ON THE WALLS 146. I DON'T WEAR MY FADED CLOTHES 147. WE LEFT THE READ NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES IN THE RECYCLING BIN 148. IT'S COLD—LET'S NOT GO OUT ANYMORE 149. I HAD NEVER SEEN ISTANBUL BEFORE 150. YOU HAD COME TO VISIT US BEFORE 151. YOU WERE GOING TO HELP ME— I WAITED, BUT YOU DIDN'T 152. I WAS JUST GOING TO FALL ASLEEP, THERE WAS A KNOCK ON THE DOOR 153. IF ONLY YOU HADN'T COME, YOU WOULDN'T HAVE SEEN OR HEARD THESE 154. APPARENTLY, HE TOLD ME THESE THINGS 155. APPARENTLY, HE WORKS THREE DAYS A WEEK 156. APPARENTLY, HE'S GOING TO GIVE YOU ALL HIS BOOKS 157. APPARENTLY, HE USED TO LISTEN TO CLASSICAL MUSIC MORE OFTEN 158. IF ONLY WE HADN'T PLAYED FOOTBALL IN THIS RAINY WEATHER—WE'RE SOAKED 159. APPARENTLY, WE SHOULD HAVE TAKEN THESE VITAMINS FOR THE FLU 160. HE MUST HAVE FORGOTTEN TO CALL / HE CAN'T HAVE BEEN HOME 161. IF ONLY WE HAD SPENT MORE TIME TOGETHER WHILE YOU WERE HERE 162. THE CHILD SAID THAT HE HAD NO MONEY 163. MR. ORHAN SAID THAT HE HAD SLEPT A LITTLE IN THE AFTERNOON 164. MRS. LEYLA SAID THAT THEY DIDN'T GO TO THE CINEMA AT THE WEEKEND 165. MRS. BENGU SAID THAT SHE WAS READING A BOOK 166. HE SAID THAT HE WOULD GO TO ISTANBUL TOMORROW 167. MR. ERCİN SAID THAT HE WANTED TO GO TO ISTANBUL 168. THE YOUNG PERSON SAID THAT HE NEEDED TO READ THAT BOOK 169. THE HOST ASKED THE GUESTS WHETHER THE FOOD WAS GOOD 170. THE TEACHER ASKED WHETHER THEY UNDERSTOOD THE TOPIC 171. HE ASKED IF HE SHOULD OPEN THE CAN 172. I PREFER WALKING IN THE RAIN TO SITTING AT HOME 173. IN CASE IT SNOWS, ALL ROADS HERE MAY BE CLOSED 174. SHE FEELS VERY HAPPY WHEN SHE GOES SHOPPING 175. HE SAID, “I WILL LOVE YOU UNTIL I DIE 176. HE DIDN'T SLEEP UNTIL HIS MOTHER CALLED 177. HE USED TO FEEL HAPPY WHENEVER HE REMEMBERED HIS CHILDHOOD 178. I WAS SLEEPING WHEN HE CAME HOME 179. AS HE OPENED THE DOOR, SOUNDS WERE COMING FROM INSIDE 180. HE STAYED QUIET BECAUSE HE DIDN'T KNOW WHAT HAD HAPPENED 181. I WILL MISS THE FLIGHT BECAUSE I WON'T ARRIVE BEFORE THE BUS TIME 182. YOU CAN'T TREAT ME HOWEVER YOU WANT 183. AS LONG AS YOU STAY HERE, YOU MUST FOLLOW THE RULES 184. HE USUALLY STAYS AT HOME BECAUSE HE DOESN'T KNOW THIS PLACE WELL 185. I SHOULD TAKE MY UMBRELLA BECAUSE IT'S GOING TO RAIN 186. I'M VERY PLEASED TO HAVE MET YOU 187 HE COULDN'T UNDERSTAND ANYTHING EVEN THOUGH HE LISTENED TO THE TEACHER 188. YOU CAN ASK ME IF YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND 189. JUST AS HE WAS ABOUT TO FINISH HIS MEAL, THE DOOR OPENED 190. INSTEAD OF PRAYING FOR ME, HE COMPLAINED ABOUT ME 191. INSTEAD OF READING A BOOK, LOOK WHAT HE'S DOING 192. INSTEAD OF DOING HIS HOMEWORK, HE'S PLAYING COMPUTER GAMES 193. INSTEAD OF TAKING THE PLANE, HE CHOSE TO GO BY BUS 194. IT'S RAINING NONSTOP 195. HE WON'T TALK TO ME, EVEN THOUGH I DID EVERYTHING FOR HIS GOOD 196. I THOUGHT HE WAS MY BEST FRIEND, BUT IT TURNS OUT HE DIDN'T SEE ME THAT WAY 197. SINCE YOU DON'T FOLLOW WHAT I SAY, I WON'T TELL YOU ANYTHING AGAIN 198. AS IF EVERYTHING WERE A DREAM 199. I TOLD HIM ALL THIS, AND I ALSO GAVE HIM THE DOCUMENTS 200. THEY JUST THREW THAT BEAUTIFUL CHAIR RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE STREET 201. HE STOOD WAITING IN FRONT OF THE HOUSE FOR HOURS 202. I FELL ASLEEP IN FRONT OF THE TV WITHOUT EVEN REALIZING IT 203. I WAS LEFT STRANDED AFTER LOSING MY TICKET 204. I ALMOST FELL WHILE COMING DOWN THE STAIRS 205. THIS LONG-STANDING TRADITION HAS ESPECIALLY DELIGHTED CHILDREN FOR YEARS 206. ACCORDING TO THE POLICE, THE MAN DIDN'T DIE — HE WAS KILLED 207. AGREEMENT WAS REACHED ON EVERY ISSUE 208. THE PRODUCER SAID, “WE ARE HAPPY TO HAVE BROUGHT THE OLD FRIENDS TOGETHER” 209. THE TWO SAMPLES MUST BE COMPARED HERE 210. THE MAGAZINE IS BEING PUBLISHED FOUR TIMES A YEAR 211. WHILE I WAS IN ISTANBUL, I ALSO VISITED THE TOPKAPI PALACE 212. THE NEW LAW PROPOSAL WAS ANNOUNCED BY THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS INDICES 1. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR 2. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR IN ACCORDANCE WITH CEFR-A1 3. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR IN ACCORDANCE WITH CEFR-A2 4. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR IN ACCORDANCE WITH CEFR-B1 5. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR IN ACCORDANCE WITH CEFR-B2 6. GLOSSARY OF FUNCTIONA